biophBiomedical PhotonicsBiomedical Photonics2413-9432Non-profit partnership for development of domestic photodynamic therapy and photodiagnosis10.24931/2413-9432-2023-12-1-14-21bioph-579Research ArticleОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИORIGINAL ARTICLESАнтибактериальная эффективность хлорофилла листьев катука (Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr) с активацией синим и красным лазером в отношении биопленки aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans и enterococcus faecalisEffectiveness of katuk leaf chlorophyll (Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr) with blue and red laser a ctivation to reduce Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Enterococcus faecalis biofilmPermatasariP. А. D.PermatasariP. A. D.

Surabaya

Surabaya

AstutiS. D.AstutiS. D.

Surabaya

Surabaya

YaqubiA. K.YaqubiA. K.

Surabaya

Surabaya

PaiseiE. A. W.PaiseiE. A. W.

Surabaya

Surabaya

Pujiyanto.Pujiyanto.

Surabaya

Surabaya

AnuarNasrulAnuarNasrul

Kuala Lumpur

Kuala Lumpur

Airlangga UniversityИндонезияAirlangga UniversityIndonesiaUniversiti MalayaМалайзияUniversiti MalayaMalaysia2023090520231211421Copyright © Permatasari P.А., Astuti S.D., Yaqubi A.K., Paisei E.A., Pujiyanto .., Anuar N., 20232023Permatasari P.А., Astuti S.D., Yaqubi A.K., Paisei E.A., Pujiyanto .., Anuar N.Permatasari P.A., Astuti S.D., Yaqubi A.K., Paisei E.A., Pujiyanto .., Anuar N.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.pdt-journal.com/jour/article/view/579

Изучена фотодинамическая активность фотосенсибилизатора хлорофилла листьев катука в отношении биопленки Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans и Enterococcus faecalis. В качестве источника света был использован красный и синий диодный лазер. В исследование были четыре группы: группа отрицательного контроля, группа положительного контроля, группа обработки синим лазером (B) и группа обработки красным лазером (R), как с добавлением, так и без добавления хлорофилла листьев катука в концентрации 1,6 мг/мл, а также при различной плотности энергии лазерного излучения: 2,5 Дж/см2, 5 Дж/см2, 7,5 Дж/см2 и 10 Дж/см2. Эффективность воздействия оценивали с помощью ELISA и ANOVA. Наибольшая эффективность была зарегистрирована во всех режимах воздействия (красный/синий лазер, без/с хлорофиллом) при плотности энергии 10 Дж/см2. В биопленке Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans в контрольных группах (только облучение) эффективность составила 73,30% при использовании синего диодного лазера и 63,25% при использовании красного диодного лазера, а в опытных группах эффективность составила 86,12% при использовании синего диодного лазера и 83,29% при использовании красного диодного лазера. В биопленке Enterococcus faecalis в контрольных группах эффективность составила 67,78% при использовании синего диодного лазера и 75,33% при использовании красного диодного лазера, а в опытных группах эффективность составила 71,71% при использовании синего диодного лазера и 86,41% с использованием красного диодного лазера. Таким образом, сделан вывод, что воздействие синего и красного диодных лазеров активирует хлорофилл в листьях катука, обладая бактерицидным действием бактерии и уменьшая биопленки.

In this study, the efficacy of using Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr, a katuk leaf chlorophyll photosensitizer, to reduce Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Enterococcus faecalis biofilm was investigated. A red and blue diode laser is used as the light source. The sample was split into four groups: a negative control group, a positive control group, a blue laser treatment group (B), and a red laser treatment group (R), both with and without the addition of katuk leaf chlorophyll 1.6 mg/ml, and with varying densities of laser energy exposure of 2.5 J/cm2, 5 J/cm2, 7.5 J/cm2, and 10 J/cm2. Laser exposure and chlorophyll photosensitizer were tested using ELISA and ANOVA. At an energy density of 10 J/cm2, the optimal bacterial mortality rate was obtained in each treatment group. Namely, in the Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans biofilm, the negative group, the number of deaths was 73.30% using a blue diode laser and 63.25% using a red diode laser. In the positive group, the number of deaths was 86.12% using a blue diode laser and 83.29% using a red diode laser. In the Enterococcus faecalis biofilm, in the negative group, the number of deaths was 67.78% using the blue diode laser and 75.33% using the red diode laser, and in the positive group, the number of deaths was 71.71% using the blue diode laser and 86.41 using a red diode laser. Exposure to blue and red diode lasers activates chlorophyll in katuk leaves, killing bacteria and reducing biofilms.

фотоинактивациясиний и красный диодный лазерхлорофилл листьев катука (Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr)Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitansEnterococcus faecalisphotoinactivationblue and red diode laserkatuk leaf chlorophyll (Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr)Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitansEnterococcus faecalisReferencesWibawa I.G.Y. et al. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans sensitivity towards chlorophyll of Moringa leaf after activated by diode laser // Dental Journal. – 2016. – Vol. 49(4). – P. 195-200Wibawa I.G.Y. et al. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans sensitivity towards chlorophyll of Moringa leaf after activated by diode laser. Dental Journal, 2016, Vol. 49(4), рр. 195-200Setiawatie E.M. et al. Comparison of anti-bacterial efficacy of photodynamic therapy and doxycycline on aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans // Afr. J. Infect. Dis. – 2018. – Vol. 12(5). – P. 95-103Setiawatie E.M. et al. Comparison of anti-bacterial eficacy of photodynamic therapy and doxycycline on aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Afr. J. Infect. Dis, 2018, Vol. 12(5), рр. 95-103Setiawatie E.M. et al. An in vitro Anti-microbial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) with Blue LEDs to Activate Chlorophylls of Alfalfa Medicago sativa L on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans // J. Int. Dent. Med. Res. – 2016. – Vol. 9(2). – P. 111-117Setiawatie E.M. et al. An in vitro Anti-microbial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) with Blue LEDs to Activate Chlorophylls of Alfalfa Medicago sativa L on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. J. Int. Dent. Med. Res, 2016, Vol. 9(2), рр. 111-117Hajishengallis G and Chavakis T. Local and systemic mechanisms linking periodontal disease and inflammatory comorbidities // Nature Reviews Immunology. – 2021. –Vol. 21(7). – P 426-440Hajishengallis G and Chavakis T. Local and systemic mechanisms linking periodontal disease and inflammatory comorbidities. Nature Reviews Immunology, 2021,Vol. 21(7), рр. 426-440Astuti S.D. et al. Combination effect of laser diode for photodynamic therapy with doxycycline on a wistar rat model of periodontitis // BMC Oral Health. – 2021. – Vol. 21(1). – P. 80. doi: 10.1186/s12903-021-01435-0Astuti S.D. et al. Combination effect of laser diode for photodynamic therapy with doxycycline on a wistar rat model of periodontitis. BMC Oral Health, 2021, Vol. 21(1), рр. 80. doi: 10.1186/s12903-021-01435-0Najafi K. et al. Oral cavity infection by Enterococcus faecalis: virulence factors and pathogenesis // Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology. – 2020. – Vol. 31(2). – P. 51-60Najafi K. et al. Oral cavity infection by Enterococcus faecalis: virulence factors and pathogenesis. Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology, 2020, Vol. 31(2), рр. 51-60Alghamdi F and Shakir M. The influence of Enterococcus faecalis as a dental root canal pathogen on endodontic treatment // A systematic review. Cureus. – 2020. – Vol. 12(3). – P. e7257. doi: 10.7759/cureus.7257Alghamdi F and Shakir M. The influence of Enterococcus faecalis as a dental root canal pathogen on endodontic treatment. A systematic review. Cureus, 2020, Vol. 12(3), рр. e7257. doi: 10.7759/cureus.7257Astuti S.D. et al. Effectiveness of Bacterial Biofilms Photodynamic Inactivation Mediated by Curcumin Extract, Nanodoxycycline and Laser Diode // Biomedical Photonics. – 2020. – Vol. 9(4). – P. 4-14. doi.org/10.24931/2413-9432-2020-9-4-4-14Astuti S.D. et al. Effectiveness of Bacterial Biofilms Photodynamic Inactivation Mediated by Curcumin Extract, Nanodoxycycline and Laser Diode. Biomedical Photonics, 2020, Vol. 9(4), рр. 4-14. doi.org/10.24931/2413-9432-2020-9-4-4-14Mah T. F. Biofilm-specific antibiotic resistance // Future microbiology. – 2012. – Vol. 7(9). – P. 1061-1072Mah T. F. Biofilm-specific antibiotic resistance. Future microbiology, 2012, Vol. 7(9), рр. 1061-1072Høiby N. et al. Antibiotic resistance of bacterial biofilms // International journal of antimicrobial agents. – 2010. – Vol. 35(4). – P. 322-332Høiby N. et al. Antibiotic resistance of bacterial biofilms. International journal of antimicrobial agents, 2010, Vol. 35(4), рр. 322-332Astuti S.D. et al. The efficacy of photodynamic inactivation with laser diode on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm with various ages of biofilm // Infectious Disease Reports. – 2020. – Vol. 12(18736). – P. 68-74Astuti S.D. et al. The efficacy of photodynamic inactivation with laser diode on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm with various ages of biofilm. Infectious Disease Reports, 2020, Vol. 12(18736), рр. 68-74Almeida A. et al. Photodynamic inactivation of bacteria: finding the effective targets // Future medicinal chemistry. – 2015. – Vol. 7(10). – P. 1221-1224Almeida A. et al. Photodynamic inactivation of bacteria: finding the effective targets. Future medicinal chemistry, 2015, Vol. 7(10), рр. 1221-1224Verhille M. et al. Modulation of photosensitization processes for an improved targeted photodynamic therapy // Current medicinal chemistry. – 2010. – Vol. 17(32). – P. 3925-3943Verhille M. et al. Modulation of photosensitization processes for an improved targeted photodynamic therapy. Current medicinal chemistry, 2010, Vol. 17(32), рр. 3925-3943Mardianto A.I. et al. Photodynamic Potential of Blue Diode Laser Inactivation with Chlorophyll Photosensitisers in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, Proc. SPIE 11789 // Fourth International Seminar on Photonics, Optics, and Its Applications ISPhOA. – 2020. – Vol. 117890J. – Р. 11789. doi.org/10.1117/12.2587052Mardianto A.I. et al. Photodynamic Potential of Blue Diode Laser Inactivation with Chlorophyll Photosensitisers in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, Proc. SPIE 11789. Fourth International Seminar on Photonics, Optics, and Its Applications ISPhOA, 2020, Vol. 117890J, рр. 11789. doi.org/10.1117/12.2587052Uliana M. P. et al. Photobiological characteristics of chlorophyll a derivatives as microbial PDT agent // Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. – 2014. – Vol. 13. – P. 1137-1145Uliana M. P. et al. Photobiological characteristics of chlorophyll a derivatives as microbial PDT agent. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 2014, Vol. 13, рр. 1137-1145Perez-Galvez A. et al. Chemistry in the bioactivity of chlorophylls: An overview. Current medicinal chemistry. – 2017. – Vol. 24(40). – P. 4515-4536Perez-Galvez A. et al. Chemistry in the bioactivity of chlorophylls: An overview. Current medicinal chemistry, 2017, Vol. 24(40), рр. 4515-4536Astuti S.D. et al. Efficacy of CNC-diode laser combine with chlorophylls to eliminate Staphylococcus aureus biofilm // Publishing in International Seminar Sensors, Instrumentation, Measurement, and Metrology (ISSIMM), IEEE Xplore. – 2017. – P. 57-61. doi.org/10. 1109/ISSIMM.2016.7803722Astuti S.D. et al. Efficacy of CNC-diode laser combine with chlorophylls to eliminate Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. Publishing in International Seminar Sensors, Instrumentation, Measurement, and Metrology (ISSIMM), IEEE Xplore, 2017, рр. 57-61. doi.org/10.1109/ISSIMM.2016.7803722Astuti S.D. et al. Photodynamic effectiveness of laser diode combined with ozone to reduce Staphylococcus aureus biofilm with exogenous chlorophyll of Dracaena angustifolia leaves // Biomedical Photonic. – 2019. – Vol. 8(2). – P. 4-13. doi. org/10.24931/2413-9432-2019-8-2-4-13Astuti S.D. et al. Photodynamic effectiveness of laser diode combined with ozone to reduce Staphylococcus aureus biofilm with exogenous chlorophyll of Dracaena angustifolia leaves. Biomedical Photonic, 2019, Vol. 8(2), рр. 4-13. doi. org/10.24931/2413-9432-2019-8-2-4-13Sunarko S. A. et al. antimicrobial effect of pleomeleangustifolia pheophytin A activation with diode laser to streptococcus mutans // Journal of Physics: Conference Series. – 2017. – Vol. 853(1). – P. 012039. IOP Publishing.Sunarko S. A. et al. antimicrobial effect of pleomeleangustifolia pheophytin A activation with diode laser to streptococcus mutans. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2017, Vol. 853(1), рр. 012039. IOP Publishing.Astuti S.D. et al. Chlorophyll mediated photodynamic inactivation of blue laser on Streptococcus mutans // AIP Conference Proceedings. – 2016. – Vol. 1718. – P. 120001Astuti S.D. et al. Chlorophyll mediated photodynamic inactivation of blue laser on Streptococcus mutans. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2016, Vol. 1718, рр. 120001Astuty S.D. et al. The Efficacy of Photodynamic Inactivation of the Diode Laser in Inactivation of the Candida albicans Biofilms with Exogenous Photosensitizer of Papaya Leaf Chlorophyll // J Lasers Med Sci. – 2019. – Vol. 10(3). – P. 215-224Astuty S.D. et al. The Efficacy of Photodynamic Inactivation of the Diode Laser in Inactivation of the Candida albicans Biofilms with Exogenous Photosensitizer of Papaya Leaf Chlorophyll. J Lasers Med Sci, 2019, Vol. 10(3), рр. 215-224Nurdin, N. et al. Chlorophyll content of various types of plant leaves and Cu-chlorophyll derivatives and their physico-chemical characteristics // Journal of Nutrition and Food. – 2009. – Vol. 4(1). – P. 13-19Nurdin, N. et al. Chlorophyll content of various types of plant leaves and Cu-chlorophyll derivatives and their physico-chemical characteristics. Journal of Nutrition and Food, 2009, Vol. 4(1), рр. 13-19Yaqubi A.K. et al. Effectiveness of purple led for inactivation of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli bacteria in in vitro sterilizers // Biomedical Photonics. – 2022. – Vol. 11(4). – P. 4-10. doi.org/10.24931/2413-9432-2022-11-4-4-10Yaqubi A.K. et al. Effectiveness of purple led for inactivation of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli bacteria in in vitro sterilizers. Biomedical Photonics, 2022, Vol. 11(4). рр. 4-10. doi. org/10.24931/2413-9432-2022-11-4-4-10Nitzan, Y. et al. ALA induced photodynamic effects on gram positive and negative bacteria // Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. – 2004. – Vol. 3(5). – P. 430-435.Nitzan, Y. et al. ALA induced photodynamic effects on gram positive and negative bacteria. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 2004, Vol. 3(5), рр. 430-435.Huang L. et al. Type I and Type II mechanisms of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: an in vitro study on gram‐negative and gram‐positive bacteria // Lasers in surgery and medicine. – 2012. – Vol. 44(6). – P. 490-499.Huang L. et al. Type I and Type II mechanisms of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: an in vitro study on gram‐negative and gram-positive bacteria. Lasers in surgery and medicine, 2012, Vol. 44(6), рр. 490-499.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.