References

bioph

Biomedical Photonics

2413-9432

Non-profit partnership for development of domestic photodynamic therapy and photodiagnosis

10.24931/2413-9432-2026-15-3-39-56

bioph-804

Research Article

ОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

LITERATURE REVIEWS

Потенциал эндогенных фотосенсибилизаторов в фотодинамической терапии микобактериальных инфекций

Potential of endogenous photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy of mycobacterial infections

Шлеева

М. О.

Shleeva

M. O.

Москва

Moscow

mshleeva@inbi.ras.ru

Багаева

Д. И.

Bagaeva

D. I.

Москва

Moscow

Касаткина

С. И.

Kasatkina

S. I.

Москва

Moscow

Капрельянц

А. С.

Kaprelyants

A. S.

Москва

Moscow

Савицкий

А. П.

Savitsky

A. P.

Москва

Moscow

Институт биохимии им. А.Н. Баха, Федеральный исследовательский центр «Фундаментальные основы биотехнологии» Российской академии наукРоссияA.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre ‘Fundamentals of Biotechnology’ of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation

2026

09102026

1533956

2026

Шлеева М.О., Багаева Д.И., Касаткина С.И., Капрельянц А.С., Савицкий А.П.

Shleeva M.O., Bagaeva D.I., Kasatkina S.I., Kaprelyants A.S., Savitsky A.P.

Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://www.pdt-journal.com/jour/article/view/804

В обзоре рассматриваются современные подходы к антибактериальной фотодинамической терапии (аФДТ), основанные на использовании эндогенных фотосенсибилизаторов (ФС) – тетрапиррольных соединений, накапливающихся в бактериальных клетках при переходе в покоящееся состояние или при добавлении в среду выращивания предшественника синтеза тетрапирролов (5-аминолевулиновая кислота). Актуальность проблемы обусловлена ростом лекарственной устойчивости Mycobacterium tuberculosis и способностью патогена персистировать в организме хозяина, формируя фенотипическую толерантность к антибиотикам, что диктует необходимость альтернативных методов лечения. Особое внимание уделено механизмам накопления порфиринов и их метилированных производных (включая тетраметиловый эфир копропорфирина и Zn-порфирины) в различных моделях покоящихся клеток микобактерий. Экспериментально доказано, что эти соединения не только являются маркерами покоящегося состояния, но и служат эффективными эндогенными ФС, обеспечивающими селективную инактивацию патогена при облучении светом соответствующих длин волн. В работе систематизированы данные о ферментативных мишенях тетрапиррольного метаболизма (сирогемсинтаза CysG, феррохелатаза HemH, копропорфириноген III оксидаза HemN, копропорфирин метилтрансфераза CPmtA), модуляция активности которых позволяет индуцировать накопление флуоресцирующих интермедиатов и повышать фоточувствительность бактерий. Обсуждаются результаты экспериментальных исследований по фотодинамической инактивации как активно растущих, так и персистирующих форм микобактерий in vitro, а также внутри инфицированных макрофагов. Рассмотрены перспективы использования эндогенных ФС для борьбы с лекарственно-устойчивыми формами патогенов, возможности комбинирования аФДТ с существующими противотуберкулёзными режимами лечения и необходимость дальнейшего изучения накопления порфиринов in vivo. Обзор подчёркивает потенциал аФДТ как альтернативной стратегии, направленной на эрадикацию персистирующих форм микобактерий, что особенно важно в условиях глобальной угрозы туберкулёза с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью.

This review examines current approaches to antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) based on the use of endogenous photosensitizers (PS) – tetrapyrrole compounds that accumulate in bacterial cells upon transition to a dormant state or upon addition of the tetrapyrrole synthesis precursor (5-aminolevulinic acid) to the growth medium. The relevance of the problem is driven by the increasing drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the pathogen’s ability to persist within the host, developing phenotypic tolerance to antibiotics. Particular attention is paid to the mechanisms of porphyrin accumulation and their methylated derivatives (including tetramethyl ester of coproporphyrin and Zn-porphyrins) in dormant mycobacterial cells. It is demonstrated that these compounds not only serve as markers of the dormant state but also act as effective endogenous PS, enabling selective pathogen inactivation upon irradiation with light of appropriate wavelengths. The review systematizes data on enzymatic targets of tetrapyrrole metabolism (siroheme synthase CysG, ferrochelatase HemH, coproporphyrinogen III oxidase HemN, and coproporphyrin methyltransferase CPmtA), whose activity modulation allows induction of fluorescent intermediate accumulation and enhancement of bacterial photosensitivity. Experimental results on photodynamic inactivation of both actively growing and persisting forms of mycobacteria in vitro, as well as inside infected macrophages, are discussed. The prospects of using endogenous PS to combat drug-resistant forms of pathogens, the potential for combining aPDT with existing anti-tuberculosis regimens, and the need for further investigation of porphyrin accumulation in in vivo models are considered. The review highlights the potential of aPDT as an alternative strategy aimed at eradicating persisting forms of mycobacteria, which is particularly important in the context of the global threat of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

микобактериятуберкулезмикобактериозантибактериальная фотодинамическая терапия (аФДТ)порфиринфлавинфотосенсибилизатор

mycobacteriumtuberculosismycobacteriosisantibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT)porphyrinflavinphotosensitizer

References1

Global tuberculosis report 2024. Geneva: World Health Organization. – 2024. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

Shleeva M.O., Kudykina Y.K., Vostroknutova G.N., Suzina N.E., Mulyukin A.L., Kaprelyants A.S. Dormant ovoid cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are formed in response to gradual external acidification // Tuberculosis. – 2011. – Vol. 91. – P. 146-154. doi: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.12.006.

Kaprelyants A., Salina E., Makarov V. How to kill dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis // Int. J. Mycobacteriology. – 2018. – Vol. 7. – P. 399-400. doi:10.4103/ijmy.ijmy.

Zhang Y. Persistent and dormant tubercle bacilli and latent tuberculosis // Front. Biosci. – 2004. – Vol. 9. – P. 1136-1156. doi: 10.2741/1291.

Lipworth S., Hammond R.J.H., Baron V.O., Hu Y., Coates A., Gillespie S.H. Defining dormancy in mycobacterial disease // Tuberculosis. – 2016. – Vol. 99. – P. 131-142. doi:10.1016/j.tube.2016.05.006.

Kondratieva T., Shleeva M., Kapina M., Rubakova E., Linge I., Dyatlov A., Kondratieva E., Kaprelyants A., Apt A. Prolonged infection triggered by dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Immune and inflammatory responses in lungs of genetically susceptible and resistant mice // PLoS One. – 2020. – Vol. 15. – P. e0239668. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239668.

Welin A., Raffetseder J., Eklund D., Stendahl O., Lerm M. Importance of phagosomal functionality for growth restriction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in primary human macrophages // J. Innate Immun. – 2011. – Vol. 3. – P. 508-518 doi:10.1159/000325297.

Alnimr A.M. Dormancy models for Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A minireview // Brazilian J. Microbiol. – 2015. – Vol. 46. – P. 641-647. doi:10.1590/S1517-838246320140507.

Shleeva M., Savitsky A., Kaprelyants A. Photoinactivation of mycobacteria to combat infection diseases: Current state and perspectives // Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. – 2021. – Vol. 105. – P. 4099-4109. doi:10.1007/s00253-021-11349-0.

Shleeva M.O., Demina G.R., Savitsky A.P. A Systematic overview of strategies for photosensitizer and light delivery in antibacterial photodynamic therapy for lung infections // Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. – 2024. – Vol. 215. – P. 115472. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2024.115472.

Tanu R., Chaudhary A.A., Prakash G., Yasmeen N., Ali M.A.M., Raza N., Sharma P.K., Kumar A., Yadav T., Kumar V. Exploring the potential of photodynamic therapy in overcoming multidrug resistance: Mechanisms synergies and clinical advancements in infectious diseases // Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. – 2025. – Vol.15. – P. 1624036. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1624036.

Bonnardot M., Montier T., Rapacka-Zdonzyk A., Gall T. Le Shedding light on direct and indirect effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: A review update // Biomed. Pharmacother. – 2026. – Vol.200. – P. 119396. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2026.119396.

Gligonov I.A., Bagaeva D.I., Demina G.R., Vostroknutova G.N., Vorozhtsov D.S., Kaprelyants A.S., Savitsky A.P., Shleeva M.O. The accumulation of methylated porphyrins in dormant cells of Mycolicibacterium smegmatis is accompanied by a decrease in membrane fluidity and an impede of the functioning of the respiratory chain // Biochim. Biophys. Acta - Biomembr. – 2024. – Vol. 1866. – P. 184270. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2024.184270.

Shleeva M.O., Linge I.A., Gligonov I.A., Vostroknutova G.N., Shashin D.M., Tsedilin A.M., Apt A.S., Kaprelyants A.S., Savitsky A.P. Acquiring of photosensitivity by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro and inside infected macrophages is associated with accumulation of endogenous Zn–porphyrins // Sci. Rep. – 2024. – Vol. 14. – P. 846. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-51227-z.

Khan M.Z., Nandicoori V.K. Deletion of pknG abates reactivation of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice // Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. – 2021. – Vol. 65. – P. e02095-20. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02095-20.

Vilchèze C., Kremer L. Acid-fast positive and acid-fast negative Mycobacterium tuberculosis: The Koch paradox // Microbiol. Spectr. – 2017. – Vol. 5. – P. TBTB2-0003-2015. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.

Cunningham A.F., Ashton P.R., Spreadbury C.L., Lammas D.A., Craddock R., Wharton C.W., Wheeler P.R. Tubercle bacilli generate a novel cell wall-associated pigment after long-term anaerobic culture // FEMS Microbiol. Lett. – 2004. – Vol. 235. – P. 191-198. doi:10.1016/j.femsle.2004.04.036.

Berney M., Cook G.M. Unique flexibility in energy metabolism allows mycobacteria to combat starvation and hypoxia // PLoS One. – 2010. – Vol. 5. – P. e8614. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008614.

Nikitushkin V.D., Shleeva M.O., Zinin A.I., Trutneva K.A., Ostrovsky D.N., Kaprelyants A.S. The main pigment of the dormant Mycobacterium smegmatis is porphyrin // FEMS Microbiol. Lett. – 2016. – Vol. 363. – P. 1-8. doi:10.1093/femsle/fnw206.

Thunell S. Porphyrins, porphyrin metabolism and porphyrias. I. Update // Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. – 2000. – Vol. 60. – P. 509-540. doi:10.1080/003655100448310.

Dailey H.A., Gerdes S., Dailey T.A., Burch J.S., Phillips J.D. Noncanonical coproporphyrin-dependent bacterial heme biosynthesis pathway that does not use protoporphyrin // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. – 2015. – Vol. 112. – P. 2210-2215. doi:10.1073/pnas.1416285112.

Bagaeva D.I., Demina G.R., Panina I.S., Krylov N.A., Khrenova M.G., Agaphonov M.O., Savitsky A.P., Efremov R.G., Kaprelyants A.S., Shleeva M.O. Methyltransferase CPmtA drives dormancy-associated synthesis of coproporphyrin III tetramethyl ether via a “carousel” mechanism in Mycobacterium smegmatis // Int. J. Biol. Macromol. – 2026. – Vol. 358. – P. 151714. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.151714.

Hamza I., Chauhan S., Hassett R., O’Brian M.R. The bacterial Irr protein is required for coordination of heme biosynthesis with iron availability // J. Biol. Chem. – 1998. – Vol. 273. – P. 21669-21674. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.34.21669.

Wang M., Wang Y., Wang M., Liu M., Cheng A. Heme acquisition and tolerance in gram-positive model bacteria: An orchestrated balance // Heliyon. – 2023. – Vol. 9. – P. e18233. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18233.

Wilks A., Egoshi R. Heme trafficking and the importance of handling nature’s most versatile cofactor // Chem. Rev. – 2025. – Vol. 125. – P. 11358-11378. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5c00535.

Nikitushkin V.D., Trenkamp S., Demina G.R., Shleeva M.O., Kaprelyants A.S. Metabolic profiling of dormant Mycolicibacterium smegmatis cells’ reactivation reveals a gradual assembly of metabolic processes // Metabolomics. – 2020. – Vol. 16. – P. 1-14. doi:10.1007/s11306-020-1645-8.

Касаткина С.И., Багаева Д.И., Демина Г.Р., Вострокнутова Г.Н., Савицкий А.П., Шлеева М.О. Повышенная экспрессия сирогемсинтазы нарушает метаболизм тетрапирролов и вызывает фотодинамическую чувствительность у Escherichia coli и Mycobacterium smegmatis // Биотехнология. – 2026. – Vol. 42. – P. 24-33. doi:10.56304/S0234275826010035.

Stroupe M.E., Leech H.K., Daniels D.S., Warren M.J., Getzoff E.D. CysG structure reveals tetrapyrrole-binding features and novel regulation of siroheme biosynthesis // Nat. Struct. Biol. – 2003. – Vol. 10. – P. 1064-1073. doi:10.1038/nsb1007.

Pennington J.M., Kemp M., McGarry L., Chen Y., Stroupe M.E. Siroheme synthase orients substrates for dehydrogenase and chelatase activities in a common active site // Nat. Commun. – 2020. – Vol. 11. – P. 864. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-14722-1.

Albrethsen J., Agner J., Piersma S.R., Højrup P., Pham T. V., Weldingh K., Jimenez C.R., Andersen P., Rosenkrands I. Proteomic profiling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis identifies nutrient-starvation-responsive toxin–antitoxin systems // Mol. Cell Proteomics. – 2013. – Vol. 12. – P. 1180-1191 doi: 10.1074/mcp.M112.018846.

Fukuhara H., Inoue K., Kurabayashi A., Furihata M., Fujita H., Utsumi K., Sasaki J., Shuin T. The inhibition of ferrochelatase enhances 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic action for prostate cancer // Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther. – 2013. – Vol. 10. – P. 399-409. doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.03.003.

Karginov A. V., Alexandrov A.I., Kushnirov V. V., Agaphonov M.O. Perturbations in the heme and siroheme biosynthesis pathways causing accumulation of fluorescent free base porphyrins and auxotrophy in Ogataea yeasts // J. Fungi. – 2021. – Vol. 7. – P. 884. doi:10.3390/jof7100884.

Sikora (née Wójcik) A., Grzesiuk E., Zbie´c R., Janion C. Lethality of visible light for Escherichia coli hemH1 mutants influence of defects in DNA repair // DNA Repair (Amst). – 2003. – Vol. 2. – P. 61-71. doi: 10.1016/s1568-7864(02)00186-6.

Mancini S., Imlay J.A. The induction of two biosynthetic enzymes helps Escherichia coli sustain heme synthesis and activate catalase during hydrogen peroxide stress // Mol. Microbiol. – 2015. – Vol.96. – P. 744-763. doi:10.1111/mmi.12967.

Djoko K.Y., Mcewan A.G. Antimicrobial action of copper is amplified via inhibition of heme biosynthesis // ACS Chem. Biol. – 2013. – Vol. 8. – P. 2217-2223. doi: 10.1021/cb4002443.

Dailey T.A., Boynton T.O., Albetel A., Gerdes S., Johnson M.K., Dailey H.A. Discovery and characterization of HemQ // J. Biol. Chem. – 2010. – Vol. 285. – P. 25978-25986. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.142604.

Roessner C.A. Use of cobA and cysGA as red fluorescent indicators // Methods Mol. Biol. – 2002. – Vol. 183. – P. 19-30. doi: 10.1385/1-59259-280-5:019.

Wildt S., Deuschle U. cobA a red fluorescent transcriptional reporter for Escherichia coli, yeast and mammalian cells // Nat. Biotechnol. – 1999. – Vol. 17. – P. 1175-1178. doi:10.1038/70713.

Zdubek A., Maliszewska I. On the possibility of using 5-aminolevulinic acid in the light-induced destruction of microorganisms // Int. J. Mol. Sci. – 2024. – Vol. 25. – P. 3590. doi:10.3390/ijms25073590.

Shleeva M.O., Savitsky A.P., Nikitushkin V.D., Solovyev I.D., Kazachkina N.I., Perevarov V. V., Kaprelyants A.S. Photoinactivation of dormant Mycobacterium smegmatis due to its endogenous porphyrins // Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. – 2019. – Vol. 103. – P. 9687-9695. doi:10.1007/s00253-019-10197-3.

Shleeva M.O., Savitsky A.P., Nikitushkin V.D., Soloviev I.D., Trutneva K.A. Effect of photodynamic inactivation against dormant forms and active growing cells of Mycobacterium smegmatis // Appl. Biochem. Microbiol. – 2020. – Vol. 56. – P. 242-249. doi:10.1134/S000368382003014X.

Shashin D.M., Demina G.R., Linge I.A., Vostroknutova G.N., Kaprelyants A.S., Savitsky A.P., Shleeva M.O. The effect of antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation on the protein profile of dormant Mycolicibacterium smegmatis containing endogenous porphyrins // Int. J. Mol. Sci. – 2023. – Vol. 24. – P. 13968. doi:10.3390/ijms241813968.

Ashkenazi H., Malik Z., Harth Y., Nitzan Y. Eradication of Propionibacterium acnes by its endogenic porphyrins after illumination with high intensity blue light FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. – 2003. – Vol. 35. – P. 17-24. doi:10.1016/S0928-8244(02)00423-6.

Bhargava S., Listopadzki T., Diletti S., Crane J.K., Duquin T.R., Boyle K.K. Effect of blue light and photosensitizers on Cutibacterium acnes on shoulder periprosthetic joint infection isolates // J. Bone Jt. Infect. – 2020. – Vol. 5. – P. 187-197. doi:10.7150/jbji.46199.

Fyrestam J., Bjurshammar N., Paulsson E., Mansouri N., Johannsen A., Östman C. Influence of culture conditions on porphyrin production in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis // Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther. – 2017. – Vol. 17. – P. 115-123. doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.11.001.

Yoshida A., Sasaki H., Toyama T., Araki M., Fujioka J., Tsukiyama K., Hamada N., Yoshino F. Antimicrobial effect of blue light using Porphyromonas gingivalis pigment // Sci. Rep. – 2017. – Vol. 7. – P. 5225. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05706-1.

Soukos N.S., Som S., Abernethy A.D., Ruggiero K., Dunham J., Lee C., Doukas A.G., Goodson J.M. Phototargeting oral black-pigmented bacteria // Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. – 2005. – Vol. 49. – P. 1391-1396. doi:10.1128/AAC.49.4.1391.

Gábor F., Szocs K., Maillard P., Csík G. Photobiological activity of exogenous and endogenous porphyrin derivatives in Escherichia coli and Enterococcus hirae cells // Radiat. Env. Biophys. – 2001. – Vol. 40. – P. 145-151. doi:10.1007/s004110100092.

Hamblin M.R., Viveiros J., Yang C., Ahmadi A., Ganz R.A., Tolkoff M.J. Helicobacter pylori accumulates photoactive porphyrins and is killed by visible light // Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. – 2005. – Vol. 49. – P. 2822-2827. doi:10.1128/AAC.49.7.2822-2827.2005.

Lembo A.J., Ganz R.A., Sheth S., Cave D., Kelly C., Levin P., Kazlas P.T., Baldwin P.C. 3rd, Lindmark W.R., Mcgrath J.R., Hamblin M.R. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection with intra-gastric violet light phototherapy: A pilot clinical trial // Lasers Surg. Med. – 2009. – Vol. 41. – P. 337-344. doi:10.1002/lsm.20770.

Battisti A., Morici P., Signore G., Ghetti F., Sgarbossa A. Compositional analysis of endogenous porphyrins from Helicobacter pylori // Biophys. Chem. – 2017. – Vol. 229. – P. 25-30. doi:10.1016/j.bpc.2017.06.006.

Ganz R.A., Viveiros J., Ahmad A., Ahmadi A., Khalil A., Tolkoff M.J., Nishioka N.S., Hamblin M.R. Helicobacter pylori in patients can be killed by visible light // Lasers Surg. Med. – 2005. – Vol. 36. – P. 260-265. doi:10.1002/lsm.20161.

Sailer R., Strauss W.S.L., Kiinig K., Riick A., Steiner R. Correlation between porphyrin biosynthesis and photodynamic inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa after incubation with 5-arninolaevulinic acid // J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. – 1997. – Vol. 39. – P. 236-242. doi:10.1016/S1011-1344(96)00019-X.

Bilal M., Anjum R., Imtiaz S., Saleem M. Exploiting endogenous protoporphyrin IX for photodynamic inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa // J. Fluoresc. – 2026. – Vol. 36. – P. 2993-3004. doi:10.1007/s10895-026-04747-y.

Polmickaite-Smirnova E., Buchovec I., Bagdonas S., Suziedeliened E., Ramanavicius A., Anusevicius Z. Photoinactivation of Salmonella enterica exposed to 5-aminolevulinic acid: Impact of sensitization conditions and irradiation time // J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. – 2022. – Vol. 231. – P. 112446. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112446.

van der Meulen F.W., Ibrahim K., Sterenborg H.J., Alphen L. V, Maikoe A., Dankert J. Photodynamic destruction of Haemophilus parainfluenzae by endogenously produced porphyrins // J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. – 1997. – Vol. 40. – P. 204-208. doi:10.1016/S1011-1344(97)00057-2.

Shleeva M., Savitsky A., Kaprelyants A. Corynebacterium jeikeium dormant cell formation and photodynamic inactivation // Front. Microbiol. – 2020. – Vol. 11. – P. 605899. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.605899.

Alves G.B., Marques C., Nunes E., Oliveira L. De, Sanches L., Mattos-guaraldi A.L. De Photodynamic inactivation mediated by endogenous porphyrins of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in planktonic and biofilm forms // ACS Omega. – 2025. – Vol. 10. – P. 9177-9186. doi:10.1021/acsomega.4c09308.

Kruszewska-Naczk B., Burzynska N., Goik D., Grinholc M., Nakonieczna J., Pawlik N., Pieranski M.K., Wozniak-Pawlikowska A., Rapacka-Zdonczyk A., Dai T. Mechanisms and determinants of bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobial blue light: From chromophores to transcriptomes // Drug Resist. Updat. – 2026. – Vol. 86. – P. 101391. doi:10.1016/j.drup.2026.101391.

Seo H., Dai T. Unveiling the Microbial Bullseyes: Microbial Target of Antimicrobial Blue Light. In: Hamblin M.R. (eds) Handbook of Antimicrobial Photoinactivation // Springer, Cham. – 2026. – P. 1-21. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-55858-0_114-1.

Plavskii V.Y., Mikulich A. V, Tretyakova A.I., Leusenka I.A., Plavskaya L.G., Kazyuchits O.A., Dobysh I.I., Krasnenkova T.P. Porphyrins and flavins as endogenous acceptors of optical radiation of blue spectral region determining photoinactivation of microbial cells // J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. – 2018. – Vol. 183. – P. 172-183. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.04.021.

Hessling M., Wenzel U., Meurle T., Spellerberg B., A K.H. Photoinactivation results of Enterococcus moraviensis with blue and violet light suggest the involvement of an unconsidered photosensitizer // Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. – 2020. – Vol. 533. – P. 813-817. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.091.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.